Ikaputra
Yogyakarta Special Province
Program
1.
Brief about Earthquake's History and Heritage Damage in Yogyakarta
Historically
Yogyakarta’s region has experienced a significant seismic event for a period of
every 60-75 years. In the past 200
years, there were 3 vulnerable earthquakes. Those are in 1867, 1943, and 2006.
The last vulnerable earthquake, in May 27, 2006, was occurred after 5
non-vulnerable earthquakes in 1981, 1992, 2001, 2004, and 2006. One can learn
that the nearest the earthquake to the 2006’s vulnerable earthquake, the
shorter the span in between two earthquake. This indicates the more frequent
the earth plate was moving and shaking towards the significant seismic event.
(see figure 1.) It was reported that in the earthquake 1867, 372 houses were
collapsed and 5 persons were dead. However, the city landmarks so called “Pal Poetih” (“wittepaal=white pile) was ruined, the water castle “Taman Sari” was totally damage. Some of
Sultan’s residents were also damaged. The resident
huis of the Dutch colonial was also suffered from the earthquake. If the
city land mark was reconstructed with new design that is nowadays known as
“Tugu” (tower), the water castle remains ruins till now. The water was filled
by the densely houses of families who used to be Sultan’s abdi dalems (a kind of civil servant in Javanese aristocratic
system). The vulnerable earthquake in 1943 caused 2,800 houses damaged and 213
people were dead. No heritage building was reported damage.
Figure
1. History Earthquake and Heritage
Damage in Yogyakarta
In the Yogyakarta’s earthquake 2006, it was more than 300.000 houses
collapsed, and 6,234 people were dead. It was reported more than 200 listed
heritage in Yogyakarta special province have been damaged. Those figures were
not to include the heritage damage of the Central Java province. The 2006
earthquake was believed to be the most vulnerable disaster in the Yogyakarta’s
history.
2.
Yogyakarta’s Heritage Vulnerability in the Earthquake
2006
Yogyakarta has been
developed a government program called “KCB” or Kawasan Cagar Budaya (Cultural Heritage District) since 1995. The
districts of cultural heritage contain number of architectural heritage and
artifacts, intangible cultures such
as a place for batik makers
(traditional painting clothes), silver craft, and other artworks. All 4
regencies (Kabupatens) and city of
Yogyakarta Special province have listed 1,233 heritages. According to a report
of Kondisi Umum Kekayaan Budaya DIY: 2007
(A General Condition of Cultural Property
of DIY: 2007), around 91 % (1,132) of the cultural properties were in good
condition before earthquake. It was decreased after the earthquake. It becomes
74.29 % of listed properties are in good conditions after earthquake. It means
the damage cultural properties increased from 9 % to 25.71 %, from 111 damage
cultural properties (existing) to 317 damage one post earthquake. The damage
heritage increased more than 3 times. The detail data of the five districts and
city in the province can be understood from the following graphic (see figure
2):
Figure 2. the Heritage Condition Pre-post Earthquake
in DIY
(Analyzed & Modified: Kondisi Umum Kekayaan Budaya
DIY: 2007 in Ikaputra, 2009: 2)
There are at least
four types of architectural heritage that had damage in the earthquake 2006
even. Those are Temples, Kraton or
Sultanate palace and its surrounding, colonial buildings, and the Javanese
traditional architecture. They have specific problem concerning “non-surviving”
part of their architecture in anticipating the last earthquake.
Temple (candi)
is among others heritage which has a high degree of irreplaceable and
antiquate. The candi Prambanan’s
compound, candi Plaosan compound, candi Sewu, candi Sojiwan were on the list of damage temples by the earthquake.
The 1991’s World Heritage Temple, the Prambanan temple’s compound, suffered the
worst damage comparing others. In the Yogyakarta Palace (built in 1775), although
some of building within the palace were constructed using iron casted
structure, most of buildings and houses were built from wooden structure and
brick constructions. Most wooden structures of many traditional house and
buildings were survived during the earthquake, but the palace's Bangsal Trajumas—the grandeur wooden
open pavilion was collapsed on a sacred set of gamelan instruments.
Meanwhile
the Colonial architecture which could represent a value of artistic monumentality
from the Dutch, structured by
the bricks bearing walls type. This type of structure is very critical to
resist from lateral forces resulted by earthquake. The thickness of walls and
the location towards the active fault gave influence to the type of damage from
wall cracks to totally collapsed walls.
The representative
Javanese traditional architecture which can be found in rural and urban area is
called “dalem”. Most of dalems
has Joglo type of architecture. The Joglo type was built with wooden
structure supported by the main four pillars in the middle called “soko guru” and 12 smaller pillars at the
periphery. The soko guru and other pillars stood up at upper ground type
foundation so called umpak. The four soko guru were connected rigidly at the
upper parts by tumpang sari—multi-frame
beams constructed one on the top of the other by interlocking and overlapping
system. This very rigid tumpang sari
supports the upper part of Joglo roof.
The integration of umpaks-soko guru-tumpang
sari formed a core structure known as “rong-rongan.”
(Prihatmaji, 2007: 5) It is believed to be the strongest part of Joglo in stabilizing the effect of
ground shaking because of its rong-rongan
construction rigidity and weight.
(see figure 3. Joglo Structural Parts)
Figure 3. The Joglo
Structural Parts & Joglo damage Typology
Although
theoretically, the Joglo has strong
system structure to anticipate the earthquake, the critical parts lie on the
connection between the umpak and the soko guru or peripheral pillars, between
the soko guru and the tumpang sari, and between the peripheral pillars to beams above them. The Javanese
connection details are weak to anticipate the lateral forces. (Frick, 1997:
163-164 in Prihatmaji, 2007: 3) Through observation of collapsed and damaged Joglos suffered from the Yogyakarta’s
earthquake 2006, we found several cases which can be understood from the
following diagrams: (see fig. 3. Joglo)
3. The Proposed Priority for
Heritage Post Earthquake
The Heritage Supports Post Disaster usually becomes in low priority
comparing to humanitarian aids. It is recommended that all possible
anticipations to safeguard the heritage towards future disaster especially
earthquake are to include at long term planning and implementation. The long
term disaster preparedness program for heritage has been embedded into the
government program of conserving cultural heritage since 2008—two years after
the house and public buildings reconstruction post earthquake 2006. The various
type of heritage can be managed differently as case by case, but most of privately
owned heritage properties are usually in critical situation. The proposed
priority consists of:
- School Retrofitting Program for Colonial Building Heritage
- Traditional Architecture Heritage Reconstruction for Historic Noble’s
Residences
School
Retrofitting Program for Colonial Building Heritage
The weakness of Colonial Building Heritage is the main structure—the
bricks bearing walls type. This type of structure is very critical to resist
from lateral forces resulted by earthquake. The thickness of walls and the
location towards the active fault gave influence to the type of damage from wall
cracks to totally collapsed walls. There are still many colonial building
heritage complexes functioned as public facilities especially schools. Most of damage heritage schools have been
repaired by the institution owner (who can be state or private ownership).
However, the existing schools with the colonial building type still have the
weak structure to anticipate the future earthquake. Since 2008, the provincial
government has promoted “School Retrofitting Program” for Colonial Building
Heritage which is aimed to not only safe the cultural assets but also to secure
pupils and teachers from damage when the coming earthquake occurred. The
undergoing School Retrofitting Program for Colonial Building Heritage in
2009-2010 has selected Margoyasan and Ngupasan Elementary
Schools. The propose school currently to be retrofitted is BOPKRI I Yunior High
School, SMP Negri IV, SMP Negri 8, SDN Ungaran, SMA Negeri III, SDN Ponjong Gunung Kidul, etc.
Figure 5. School
Retrofitting Program for Colonial Building Heritage
Traditional
Architecture Heritage Reconstruction for Historic Noble’s Residences
The most representative of Javanese traditional architecture is “dalem
pangeran” or noble’s residences. The “dalem pangeran” is defined as
a primary structure of the Historic Urban Yogyakarta. Javanese Noble's
Residences were located throughout historic urban Yogyakarta both inside and
outside of the palace fortifications. The growth of those princely residences
in Yogyakarta was very much similar to that one of castles in European history.
The more aggressively the town asserted claims of self-governance, the wiser it
was for the prince to keep his castle at the periphery of the town. (Kostof,
1992; 77) The spread of dalems or noble residences grew toward outside
fortifications expanding the king's power and creating a new edge for city
defense. (Fig. 1.)
Figure 6.
Distribution of Noble’s Residences (red mark) in Yogyakarta
(Source: Ikaputra,
1995;133)
The dalem is representative of Javanese traditional
architecture. Its architecture is easily distinguished from that of the less
formal structures of the surrounding environment. The need of those noble
residences to be reconstructed after the earthquake is not only to preserve the
historic architecture and value of dalems as the Yogyakarta’s urban
primary unit, but also to sustain them as a community living place in the urban
historic Yogyakarta from future Earthquake. Among noble’s residences which
suffered from the earthquake is dalem Brontokusuman, dalem Mangkubumen,
dalem Kumendaman, dalem Jogonegaran, dalem Nototarunan, dalem
Notowinatan, dalem Sindurejan, etc.. The noble’s residence is a complex
of combine function as Museum and living place for Aristocratic families and
community. The Museum parts have been reconstructed, but the living place of this
great traditional residence has not been repaired and retrofitted yet.
Figure 7. Noble’s
Residences (dalem Pangeran) Damage
References
Frick, Heinz (1997) Pola Struktural dan Teknik Bangunan di
Indonesia. (Building Structural Pattern and Technique in Indonesia). Yogyakarta:
Penerbit Kanisius. (In Indonesian)
Ikaputra (1995) A Study on the Contemporary Utilization of the
Javanese Urban Heritage and its Effect on Historicity. Doctoral
Dissertation, Osaka University Japan.
Ikaputra (2009) Reconstructing Heritage Post Earthquake. The case of
Kotagede, Yogyakarta Indonesia. International Symposium on “Urban Risk
Management for sustainable development in Historical Cities”, UNCRD-Hyogo Kobe Japan, October, 14-17, 2009.
Prihatmaji, Yulianto P. (2007) Perilaku Rumah Tradisional Jawa
“Joglo” Terhadap Gempa. (Character of Javanese Traditional House “Joglo”
against Earthquake). Jurnal Dimensi Teknik Arsitektur Vol. 35, No. 1,
Juli 2007: 1 – 12. (In Indonesian)
-------------- (2007) Kondisi
Umum Kekayaan Budaya DIY: 2007 (A General Condition of Cultural Property
of DIY: 2007)
